Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.
Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.
But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate -- we can not consecrate -- we can not hallow -- this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract.The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us -- that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion -- that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain -- that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom -- and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.
We whose names are underwritten, the loyal subjects of our dread Sovereign Lord King James, by the Grace of God of Great Britain, France and Ireland, King, Defender of the Faith, etc.
Having undertaken, for the Glory of God and advancement of the Christian Faith and Honour of our King and Country, a Voyage to plant the First Colony in the Northern Parts of Virginia, do by these presents solemnly and mutually in the presence of God and one of another, Covenant and Combine ourselves together into a Civil Body Politic, for our better ordering and preservation and furtherance of the ends aforesaid; and by virtue hereof to enact, constitute and frame such just and equal Laws, Ordinances, Acts, Constitutions and Offices, from time to time, as shall be thought most meet and convenient for the general good of the Colony, unto which we promise all due submission and obedience. In witness whereof we have hereunder subscribed our names at Cape Cod, the 11th of November, in the year of the reign of our Sovereign Lord King James, of England, France and Ireland the eighteenth, and of Scotland the fifty-fourth. Anno Domini 1620.
Leaders of the United States of America |
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President | Vice-President | Years in Office |
George Washington | John Adams | 1789-1797 |
John Adams | Thomas Jefferson | 1797-1801 |
Thomas Jefferson | Aaron Burr, George Clinton | 1801-1809 |
James Madison | George Clinton, Elbridge Gerry | 1809-1817 |
James Monroe | Daniel D. Tompkins | 1817-1825 |
John Quincy Adams | John C. Calhoun | 1825-1829 |
Andrew Jackson | John C. Calhoun, Martin Van Buren | 1829-1837 |
Martin Van Buren | Richard Mentor Johnson | 1837-1841 |
William Henry Harrison | John Tyler | 1841 |
John Tyler | 1841-1845 | |
James K. Polk | George M. Dallas | 1845-1849 |
Zachary Taylor | Millard Fillmore | 1849-1850 |
Millard Fillmore | 1850-1853 | |
Franklin Pierce | William R. King | 1853-1857 |
James Buchanan | John C. Breckinridge | 1857-1861 |
Abraham Lincoln | Hannibal Hamlin, Andrew Johnson | 1861-1865 |
Andrew Johnson | 1865-1869 | |
Ulysses S. Grant | Schuyler Colfax, Henry Wilson | 1869-1877 |
Rutherford B. Hayes | William A. Wheeler | 1877-1881 |
James A. Garfield | Chester A. Arthur | 1881 |
Chester A. Arthur | 1881-1885 | |
Grover Cleveland | Thomas A. Hendricks | 1885-1889 |
Benjamin Harrison | Levi P. Morton | 1889-1893 |
Grover Cleveland | Adlai E. Stevenson | 1893-1897 |
William McKinley | Garret Hobart | 1897-1901 |
Theodore Roosevelt | Charles W. Fairbanks | 1901-1909 |
William Howard Taft | James S. Sherman | 1909-1913 |
Woodrow Wilson | Thomas R. Marshall | 1913-1921 |
Warren G. Harding | Calvin Coolidge | 1921-1923 |
Calvin Coolidge | Charles G. Dawes | 1923-1929 |
Herbert Hoover | Charles Curtis | 1929-1933 |
Franklin D. Roosevelt | John Nance Garner, Henry A. Wallace | 1933-1945 |
Harry S. Truman | Alben W. Barkley | 1945-1953 |
Dwight Eisenhower | Richard Nixon | 1953-1961 |
John F. Kennedy | Lyndon B. Johnson | 1961-1963 |
Lyndon B. Johnson | Hubert Humphrey | 1963-1969 |
Richard Nixon | Spiro Agnew, Gerald Ford | 1969-1974 |
Gerald Ford | Nelson Rockefeller | 1974-1977 |
Jimmy Carter | Walter Mondale | 1977-1981 |
Ronald Reagan | George H. W. Bush | 1981-1989 |
George H. W. Bush | Dan Quayle | 1989-1993 |
Bill Clinton | Al Gore | 1993-2001 |
George W. Bush | Dick Cheney | 2001-2009 |
Barack Obama | Joe Biden | 2009- |